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                  <text>Organizations Created to Advocate for Doctors with Disabilities </text>
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                  <text>When we focus on organizations created to advocate for rights of disabled doctors, a number of them have been created to advocate for doctors with disabilities and equal access to medical studies instruction and clinical practice. Unfortunately, while some of these organizations are made by and for disabled doctors and function on the principle of rights based advocacy and holistic change, there are alot others which are still operating on providing services on an as needed basis which comes to show that there is still a long way to go in making sure that doctors with disabilities are given equal opportunities and access at all times.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Coalition for Disability Access in Health Science Education&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Coalition for Disability Access in Health Science Education (Coalition) was co-founded by Dr. Lisa Meeks, Dr. Gregory Moorehead, and Tim Montgomery and according to their website, The Coalition is a collaboration among peer institutions that aims to improve the student experience with disability accommodations in health science and medical education programs.</text>
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                <text>https://www.hsmcoalition.org/ </text>
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                <text>A&amp;nbsp; tweet from the original #DocsWithDisabilities campaign featuring Dr. Erica Dwyer</text>
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                <text>Image of a tweet that reads: Dr. Erica Dwyer’s Experience w/ Unexpected Hearing Loss--Its Frustrations and Adaptions--Has Made Her a Better Doctor, Attuned to Older Patients’ Experiences ‘as Their Bodies Slowly Let Them down’ #DocsWithDisabilities</text>
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                <text>&lt;div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"&gt;&#13;
&lt;div class="csl-entry"&gt;U-M Family Medicine [@umfamilymed]. 2018. “Dr. Erica Dwyer’s Experience w/ Unexpected Hearing Loss--Its Frustrations and Adaptions--Has Made Her a Better Doctor, Attuned to Older Patients’ Experiences ‘as Their Bodies Slowly Let Them down’ #DocsWithDisabilities Https://T.Co/9GoTvyvPwU.” Tweet. &lt;i&gt;Twitter&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/umfamilymed/status/969250945765924866"&gt;https://twitter.com/umfamilymed/status/969250945765924866&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
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                  <text>Accommodations in Medical Training: from the ADA onward</text>
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                <text>Accommodation Considerations</text>
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                <text>Image description: A bubble at the top of the slide says "Qualified SWD [students with disabilities] requests accommodation in clinical setting." Straight lines connect this bubble, separately, to a series of bubbles that read, in order from left to right, "DS office consults with faculty/outside experts," "Would requested accmmodation alter Technical Standards, Learning Outcomes, or Policies?" "Will patient safety be jeopardized?" and "Effective alternative accommodation?"</text>
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                <text>This figure from a slideshow by Dr. Neera Jain depicts the multiple considerations, offices, and steps that go into determining and getting proper accommodations for health sciences students with disabilities.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"&gt;&#13;
&lt;div class="csl-entry"&gt;Jain, Neera. n.d. “Clinical Accommodations: Upholding Standards While Creating Equal Access.” AAMC. Accessed May 3, 2022. &lt;a href="https://www.aamc.org/professional-development/affinity-groups/gsa/webinars/clinical-accommodations"&gt;https://www.aamc.org/professional-development/affinity-groups/gsa/webinars/clinical-accommodations&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
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                  <text>When we focus on organizations created to advocate for rights of disabled doctors, a number of them have been created to advocate for doctors with disabilities and equal access to medical studies instruction and clinical practice. Unfortunately, while some of these organizations are made by and for disabled doctors and function on the principle of rights based advocacy and holistic change, there are alot others which are still operating on providing services on an as needed basis which comes to show that there is still a long way to go in making sure that doctors with disabilities are given equal opportunities and access at all times.</text>
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                <text>American Medical Association (AMA) and American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) </text>
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                <text>Even though these two organizations do not exclusively cater to doctors with disabilities, they do have some messaging which talks about creating inclusive environments for disabled students and doctors</text>
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                <text>https://www.ama-assn.org/ &#13;
https://www.aamc.org/ </text>
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                  <text>Television, being present in almost every home across the globe has immense potential to impact the way ideas are shared in the public imagination and how due to positive or negative representations, it can shape how the layman thinks about individuals having certain identities and the same goes for disabled doctors. Representations of doctors with disabilities on the small screen have been sparse and unidimensional and even though progress has been made, there is still a long way to do.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>Another Doctor with a Cane: Dr. &lt;em&gt;Gregory House&lt;/em&gt; on House M.D.</text>
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                <text>In 2004, a new medical drama aired on Fox called House M.D. in which the titular character Dr. Gregory&amp;nbsp; House, a disabled doctor, walking with the help of a cane and addicted to painkillers was an unconventional, &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misanthropy"&gt;misanthropic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; medical genius who led a team of &lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis"&gt;diagnosticians&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and diagnosed and managed mysterious ailments in his patients. As a result of these various personality traits coming together to form a complicated character, it was seen that when House was just seen as someone who hates people, this trait of his became a thin veil which rendered his disability invisible and subsequently marginalized and erased it.&#13;
&lt;p&gt;This can clearly be seen in the following artifact:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;At the October 2010 meeting of the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities (ASBH), an affinity group presentation on doctors in film and television evolved into a heated debate over House M.D. The group, comprised of PhDs in the humanities along with medical doctors and attorneys, focused solely on Dr. House's treatment of patients while overlooking his disability. The point is that even an audience relatively attuned to cultural constructions of disability could not see House's disability beyond his bad behavior. The conversation raises questions like "How is disability rendered invisible in popular media?" "How does House M.D. both perform and erase disability?" &lt;/strong&gt;(Altavilla, 2013)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;As a result, we see that even though disabled doctors did make an appearance on the small screen and there was certain representation in the media, it didn’t always translate into improved societal understanding and acceptance of them in reality.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Altavilla, G. (2013). Queer narrative prosthesis: disability and sexuality in Richard III and House MD.</text>
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                  <text>When we focus on organizations created to advocate for rights of disabled doctors, a number of them have been created to advocate for doctors with disabilities and equal access to medical studies instruction and clinical practice. Unfortunately, while some of these organizations are made by and for disabled doctors and function on the principle of rights based advocacy and holistic change, there are alot others which are still operating on providing services on an as needed basis which comes to show that there is still a long way to go in making sure that doctors with disabilities are given equal opportunities and access at all times.</text>
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                <text>Association of Medical Professionals with Hearing Losses (AMPHL)</text>
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                <text>Formed in 1999, this non profit organization has been serving hard of hearing and deaf health care professionals and students through advocacy and mentorship. They are greatly invested in modified equipment for deaf and hard of hearing doctors such as special stethoscopes and clear surgical masks. </text>
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                <text>https://www.amphl.org/ </text>
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                  <text>Attitudinal Barriers Around Doctors with Disabilities </text>
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                  <text>When medical students and doctors with disabilities do make it to workplaces after jumping through various hoops and democratic processes, they find themsleves facing attitudinal barriers from their colleagues and other personel which makes it difficult for them to achieve maximum integration into their environment and impede theire success in the workplace and beyond. The artifacts included in this collection illuminate these barriers succintly.</text>
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                  <text>Mahvish Nazar </text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;One of the reasons why disabled medical students and doctors have failed to gain complete access to their environments is attitudinal barriers. These attitudinal barriers either fall under the presumption that doctors cannot be disabled or that if they are asking for accommodations, they are taking advantage of services they do not actually need. This can be seen in the following interviews conducted with disabled doctors:&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I think attitudinal for me is always the hardest [barrier] to overcome, because it’s the one that you have the least control over, if that makes sense. You can’t really control other people’s unconscious bias.... It’s not just the people running the school. It’s patients. It’s nurses. I had a lot of that. I had a nurse in the emergency room be like, “Why are you playing in that wheelchair?” I was like, “What are you talking about?” She was like, “Whose wheelchair did you take?” and I was like, “It’s mine.” She was like, “But you’re a doctor,” and I was like, “Yes. Yes, and you’re a nurse.” To have a nurse still have that attitude is very frustrating. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;— Student discussing unconscious bias among colleagues in the clinic &lt;/strong&gt;(Meeks &amp;amp; Jain, 2018)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Talking about disabled physician Diana Cejas, Wendy Lu of Huffpost says:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When she asked for dictation software to help her with note-taking, which she often spent hours into the night catching up on, an administrator brushed her off and told her she just needed to work harder. She learned that some of her colleagues — even those who knew what she’d just gone through — were gossiping behind her back and assumed that she just wanted special treatment, even when she had to leave work to get follow-up scans and bloodwork. &lt;/strong&gt;(Lu, 2021)&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Wendy Lu, Lisa Meeks, Neera Jain</text>
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                <text>Lu, W. (2021, July 22). Disabled Doctors Were Called Too ‘Weak’ To Be In Medicine. It’s Hurting The Entire System. From Huffpost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/disabled-doctors-medicine-ableism_n_60f86967e4b0ca689fa560dc &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meeks, L., &amp;amp; Jain, N. (2018). Accessibility, Inclusion and Action in Medical Education: Lived Experiences of Learners and Physicians With Disabilities . Association of American Medical Colleges.</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores early pioneers as well as current architects and advocates of Universal Design in relation to architecture and the built environment.</text>
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              <text>Diana C. Anderson, MD, M.Arch, is a licensed architect and a board-certified healthcare architect with the Order of Architects of Quebec (OAQ) and the American College of Healthcare Architects (ACHA), in addition to a board-certified Internist and Geriatrician through the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). She completed her medical residency training at the New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center in New York City, and her Fellowship in Geriatric Medicine at UCSF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Dr. Anderson is widely published in both architectural and medical journals, books and the popular press, including &lt;em&gt;Healthcare Design&lt;/em&gt; magazine, the &lt;em&gt;Health Environments Research &amp;amp; Design&lt;/em&gt; journal,&lt;em&gt; the Journal of the American Medical Association&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;the Canadian Medical Association Journal, World Health Design, the British Medical Journal,&lt;/em&gt; the &lt;em&gt;American Journal of Medical Quality&lt;/em&gt;, and the &lt;em&gt;Journal of the American Geriatrics Society&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;She is the founder of the Dochitect movement and co-Founder of the&lt;a href="https://www.cliniciansfordesign.com/"&gt; Clinicians for Design&lt;/a&gt; group.</text>
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              <text>Anderson, D. (n.d.). Dochitect Bio. Dochitect. Retrieved May 1, 2022, from &lt;a href="http://www.dochitect.com/dochitect-bio/"&gt;http://www.dochitect.com/dochitect-bio/&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                  <text>Disability Policies Among Medical Education Programs and Organizations</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Framing disability as a dimension of diversity is a relatively new strategy adopted by advocates to promote disability inclusion in medicine. Over the last several decades medical schools came under increasing pressure to improve the diversity of their student bodies. Primarily this elevated attention to racial diversity: in 2009 the Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME) which accredits undergraduate four-year medical schools added two “standards” designed to increase diversity, and more recently the AAMC issued several reports focusing on racial diversity in medicine (AAMC, n.d.).&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Thus, diversity became a new measure of medical institutions’ quality alongside test scores, match results, funding, and more. Diversity is now a benchmark to be measured—and thus a source of anxiety and motivation-to-action for schools. Advocates for disability inclusion in medicine capitalized on the growing attention to diversity issues making &lt;em&gt;disability as diversity&lt;/em&gt; a cornerstone of their argument. Starting around 2018—the same year that the AAMC officially classified disability as an aspect of diversity—a majority of articles, books, and guides promoting disability inclusion in medicine introduced the importance of disability inclusivity by invoking medicine’s larger mandate to increase the diversity of students and practitioners (L. Meeks &amp;amp; Jain, 2018; L. M. Meeks et al., 2019, 2019; L. M. Meeks, Jain, et al., 2020; L. M. Meeks, Taylor, et al., 2020). Two years later in 2020, Lisa Meeks and Leslie Neal-Boylan’s book &lt;em&gt;Disability as Diversity&lt;/em&gt; was published (L. Meeks &amp;amp; Neal-Boylan, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Still, in 2022, the LCME does not include disability in definitions of diversity. The continuing aspiration for diversity—across myriad dimensions of identity and experience—demonstrates both the importance of the metric and the need to further push the envelope of “diversity” and inclusivity.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;AAMC. (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Fostering Diversity and Inclusion&lt;/em&gt;. AAMC. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/interactive-data/fostering-diversity-and-inclusion&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L., &amp;amp; Jain, N. (2018). &lt;em&gt;Accessibility, Inclusion, and Action in Medical Education: Lived Experiences of Learners and Physicians With Disabilities,&lt;/em&gt;. AAMC.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L. M., Jain, N. R., &amp;amp; Laird, E. P. (2020). &lt;em&gt;Equal Access for Students with Disabilities: The Guide for Health Science and Professional Education&lt;/em&gt; (2nd edition). Springer Publishing Company, LLC.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L. M., Jain, N. R., Moreland, C., Taylor, N., Brookman, J. C., &amp;amp; Fitzsimons, M. (2019). Realizing a Diverse and Inclusive Workforce: Equal Access for Residents With Disabilities. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Graduate Medical Education&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;11&lt;/em&gt;(5), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-19-00286.1&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L. M., Taylor, N., Case, B., Stergiopoulos, E., Zazove, P., Graves, L., McKee, M., Swenor, B. K., Salgat, A., Cerilli, C., Joshi, H., &amp;amp; Moreland, C. J. (2020). The Unexamined Diversity: Disability Policies and Practices in US Graduate Medical Education Programs. &lt;em&gt;Journal of Graduate Medical Education&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;12&lt;/em&gt;(5), 615–619. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-19-00940.1&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
Meeks, L., &amp;amp; Neal-Boylan, L. (2020). &lt;em&gt;Disability as Diversity: A Guidebook for Inclusion in Medicine, Nursing, and the Health Professions&lt;/em&gt;.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;Evolving Educational and Cultural Norms&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Disability in Medical Education</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Medical students receive little-to-no training that focuses on disability specifically—from social, biomedical, or other clinical angles—and the slow pace of change in this regard is a likely factor in the long-standing biases against disabled patients and doctors among medical practitioners. Recent work began to quantify the ableist ideology common in medicine that practitioners, patients, and scholars have qualitatively described for decades –probably for centuries.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;A team led by Lisa Iezzoni, one of the highest profile doctors with a disability in the US (Blauwet, 2017; Gordon, 2018), found that 82.4 percent of over 700 physicians surveyed felt that significant disabilities were associated with a worse quality of life (Iezzoni et al., 2021). Their survey also revealed a degree of uncertainty and lack of confidence when it came to treating disabled patients (ibid). This research suggests that the continuing failure of medical education to cover disability endangers patient outcomes in addition to reducing the inclusiveness of medical institutions towards disabled physicians.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Iezzoni herself was barred from applying to residency and thus from practicing medicine due to her disability. When she graduated from Harvard Medical School in the 1980s after developing multiple sclerosis (MS) during her tenure there the medical school refused to write the requisite letter of recommendation for her residency application because they did not believe that she would be capable of practicing medicine (Blauwet, 2017). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 mitigates such overtly discriminatory behavior, but medical schools still do little to counteract the ableist biases that students enter with, absorb from peers and educators, and are taught in the process of their medical training.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;And yet, as recently as 2015, a maximum of half of medical schools indicated &amp;nbsp;that they included &lt;em&gt;any&lt;/em&gt; disability-focused material in their undergraduate medical education (UME) curriculum (Seidel &amp;amp; Crowe, 2017). The constraints faced by the study’s authors, Seidel and Crowe (2017), suggests that even after the ADA and the Amendment Act in 2008 medical schools’ investment in disability writ large is limited; less than half (45%) of the 167 accredited medical schools (those granting MD and DO degrees)&amp;nbsp; responded to the 2015 survey about curricular coverage of disability.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Students and professors in medical schools interviewed in a 2021 article by Stat, a medical news site, attested to the minimal or non-existent coverage disability receives in coursework, even in anti-bias trainings (Sohn, 2021). And, over three decades after the ADA, the Licensing Council for Medical Education (LCME) does not require schools to include disability-focused material in their curricula to achieve full accreditation.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Advocates point out that the presence of disabled medical trainees and doctors can help counteract, and is protective against, further bias developing in their non-disabled peers. Disabled students and doctors recently started to argue, publicly, that disabled providers can surpass their non-disabled peers in empathy, communication skills, maturity, resilience, and the capacity to cope with obstacles (Anonymous, 2019; L. M. Meeks, Stergiopoulos, et al., 2022; Rastogi, 2021). Thus, forms of disability education in medical contexts can take many forms, from overt classroom instruction to passive, even implicit exposure to disabled peers and disability-related issues.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Anonymous. (2019). In My Experience: How Educators Can Support a Medical Student With Mental Illness. &lt;em&gt;Academic Medicine&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;94&lt;/em&gt;(11), 1638–1639. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002953&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Blauwet, C. A. (2017, December 6). I Use a Wheelchair. And Yes, I’m Your Doctor. &lt;em&gt;The New York Times&lt;/em&gt;. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/opinion/doctor-wheelchair-disability.html&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Gordon, E. (2018, August 6). Doctors With Disabilities Push For Culture Change In Medicine. &lt;em&gt;NPR&lt;/em&gt;. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/06/635414552/doctors-with-disabilities-push-for-culture-change-in-medicine&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Iezzoni, L. I., Rao, S. R., Ressalam, J., Bolcic-Jankovic, D., Agaronnik, N. D., Donelan, K., Lagu, T., &amp;amp; Campbell, E. G. (2021). Physicians’ Perceptions Of People With Disability And Their Health Care. &lt;em&gt;Health Affairs&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;40&lt;/em&gt;(2), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01452&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L. M., Stergiopoulos, E., &amp;amp; Petersen, K. H. (2022). Institutional Accountability for Students With Disabilities: A Call for Liaison Committee on Medical Education Action. &lt;em&gt;Academic Medicine&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;97&lt;/em&gt;(3), 341–345. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000004471&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Rastogi, S. (2021). Establishing Equity in Medical Education—Supporting Clinical Trainees with Disabilities. &lt;em&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;384&lt;/em&gt;(10), 885–887. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2035279&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Seidel, E., &amp;amp; Crowe, S. (2017). The State of Disability Awareness in American Medical Schools. &lt;em&gt;American Journal of Physical Medicine &amp;amp; Rehabilitation&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;96&lt;/em&gt;(9), 673–676. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000719&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
Sohn, R. (2021, February 1). Survey: Majority of docs hold misconceptions about people with disabilities. &lt;em&gt;Stat&lt;/em&gt;. https://www.statnews.com/2021/02/01/large-majority-of-doctors-hold-misconceptions-about-people-with-disabilities-survey-finds/</text>
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