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                  <text>Books Advocating For Doctors with Disabilities </text>
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                  <text>There are a number of books published to advocate for doctors with disabilities but we see that there is a dearth of material addressed to the students themselves, giving them the tools for advocacy and the empowerment of asking for accommodations. As we will see, there is just one such book which was published in 2018. For other books, we see some good work being done directed towards medical school administrations but again this work is vague and begs to question how effective it is in creating actual change.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Disability as Diversity: A Guidebook for Inclusion in Medicine, Nursing, and the Health Professions&lt;/em&gt; Editors: Meeks, Lisa M., Neal-Boylan, Leslie (2020)</text>
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                <text>This book is written for stakeholders such as deans, program directors, faculty, student affairs and disability resource professionals housed in medical programs so that they can engage effectively and efficiently with incoming medical students with disabilities. By providing best practices based on rigorous research, the book aims to educate stakeholders on how to take a nuanced approach to access and accommodations in a medical education context.</text>
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                  <text>There are a number of books published to advocate for doctors with disabilities but we see that there is a dearth of material addressed to the students themselves, giving them the tools for advocacy and the empowerment of asking for accommodations. As we will see, there is just one such book which was published in 2018. For other books, we see some good work being done directed towards medical school administrations but again this work is vague and begs to question how effective it is in creating actual change.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Equal Access for Students with Disabilities: The Guide for Health Science and Professional Education&lt;/em&gt; Edited by Meeks, L., Jain, N. &amp;amp; Laird, E (2020)&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>This book is another guide for health science programs on how to make themselves accessible for disabled students. Informed by the ADA, OCR determinations and legal cases, this book is another example of guidelines which can easily be converted into action items.</text>
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                  <text>This collection includes images and video clips from news media depictions of assistive technology in medical practice. Items were selected to highlight the arbitrary distinction between assistive technology and medical devices and demonstrate how media depictions of technology in this context reinforce stigmatizing and exclusionary attitudes, values, and beliefs embedded in the medical establishment and American culture at large.</text>
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                <text>Health matters: Special stethoscope for hard of hearing nurse by Susanne Brunner (&lt;em&gt;KARK News Little Rock&lt;/em&gt;, 2018)</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Brunner, S. (2018, June 6). Health matters: Special stethoscope for hard of hearing nurse. &lt;em&gt;KARK News Little Rock&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href="https://www.kark.com/amazing/health-matters-special-stethoscope-for-hard-of-hearing-nurse/1223035468/"&gt;https://www.kark.com/amazing/health-matters-special-stethoscope-for-hard-of-hearing-nurse/1223035468/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This news report from Little Rock, Arkansas, NBC affiliate &lt;em&gt;KARK&lt;/em&gt; which aired in 2018, demonstrates how digital stethoscope technology enables nurse Clarissa Hardman, who is hard of hearing, to efficiently and accurately complete patient physical examinations through sound amplification played through audio headphones. In this context, the stethoscope fits a definition of assistive technology, wherein the intended purpose is to support functional independence at an individual level. Considered as such, Hardman describes having to apply for an outside grant to purchase the device for herself, rather than being provided with the necessary equipment from her employer.</text>
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                  <text>Television, being present in almost every home across the globe has immense potential to impact the way ideas are shared in the public imagination and how due to positive or negative representations, it can shape how the layman thinks about individuals having certain identities and the same goes for disabled doctors. Representations of doctors with disabilities on the small screen have been sparse and unidimensional and even though progress has been made, there is still a long way to do.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>The Good and the Bad of &lt;em&gt;The Good Doctor&lt;/em&gt; - Dr. Shaun Murphy on &lt;em&gt;The Good Doctor&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;The Good Doctor, first aired in 2017 and created by David Shore who interestingly also produced House M.D. follows a surgeon Dr Shaun Murphy who has autism and savant syndrome as he juggles his duties as a doctor and his personal life. &lt;br /&gt;Though a great step forward in disability representation in the field of medicine, especially when compared to previous examples, The Good Doctor still has a long way to go. For example, when autistic adults reviewed the show, David Moloney, Autism Ontario Board Member and Mutual Fund Indexer with CIBC said “All in all, I find that it plays the autism card a little too heavily.” He found the show’s lead actor and writers tried to show autism as a “broad concept or a construct.” He thought this was too general an approach and much was lost this way. “It doesn’t really portray the positivity exuded by people on the spectrum.” (Cnudde, 2021) According to some reviewers, the show does a good job of representing all people who are marginalized (Nguyen, 2017) generalizing the context to other “outsiders” based on race, gender or sexuality, others are of the opinion that the show is too sentimental, using the age old trope of inspiration porn and The doctor who's good at medicine but bad with people is a trope making that doctor a person with autism verging on gimmickry. (Lawler, 2017)&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Cnudde, M. (2021, April 19). Autistic Adults Review The Good Doctor. From Austism Ontario: https://www.autismontario.com/news/autistic-adults-review-good-doctor&lt;br /&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Lawler, K. (2017, September 22). &lt;em&gt;Review: ‘The Good Doctor’ is a too-sentimental portrait of doctor with autism&lt;/em&gt;. From USA Today: https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2017/09/22/review-the-good-doctor-too-sentimental-portrait-doctor-with-autism/688744001/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Nguyen, H. (2017, October 30). &lt;em&gt;‘The Good Doctor’ Is the Perfect Show for Anyone Who Feels Like an Outsider, Marginalized, or Misunderstood&lt;/em&gt;. From IndieWire: https://www.indiewire.com/2017/10/the-good-doctor-marginalized-outsiders-abc-1201892747/&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>This collection includes images and video clips from news media depictions of assistive technology in medical practice. Items were selected to highlight the arbitrary distinction between assistive technology and medical devices and demonstrate how media depictions of technology in this context reinforce stigmatizing and exclusionary attitudes, values, and beliefs embedded in the medical establishment and American culture at large.</text>
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                <text>Tim Cordes one of few sightless doctors in U.S. by Todd Finkelmeyer (&lt;em&gt;The Capital Times&lt;/em&gt;, 2010)</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Finkelmeyer, T. (2010, June 2). Tim Cordes one of few sightless doctors in U.S. &lt;em&gt;The Capital Times&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href="https://captimes.com/news/local/health_med_fit/tim-cordes-one-of-few-sightless-doctors-in-u-s/article_b968b027-0789-52f3-81a0-5cbcaf69c719.html"&gt;https://captimes.com/news/local/health_med_fit/tim-cordes-one-of-few-sightless-doctors-in-u-s/article_b968b027-0789-52f3-81a0-5cbcaf69c719.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This feature on Dr. Tim Cordes, who is blind, published in 2010 by Madison, Wisconsin, newspaper &lt;em&gt;The Capital Times&lt;/em&gt;, describes how assistive technology enables Cordes to satisfy his productive role as a psychiatrist. By focusing exclusively on professional applications of technology, the article reinforces accepted cultural assumptions that equate physical and economic autonomy with social inclusion. The story briefly mentions Cordes' contribution to the development of software that uses varying musical tones to explain protein structures, but does so primarily to highlight his work ethic and tireless determination to overcome barriers related to his visual impairment. Defining this technology based on the intended purpose of assisting individuals with visual impairments creates a barrier that restricts consideration of its possible contributions to medical practice in general.</text>
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                  <text>Literary Representation of Doctors with Disabilities</text>
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                  <text>There have been very few accurate and meaningful representations of doctors with disabilities in fiction. There is a dearth of disabled doctors in literature to begin with and when they are present, the themes or disability in conjunction with their profession are not tackled productively or successfully. Through the artifacts provided in this collection, we see that even though there is great potential to set good examples of disabled doctors as part of literature and hence public imagination, the opportunities are made light of and lost when either the themes are not developed holistically or done in a fragmented manner.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Of Human Bondage&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;by W. Somerset &lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Maugham (1915)&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>The first novel to have a representation of a disabled medical student and doctor was the 1915 novel &lt;em&gt;Of Human Bondage&lt;/em&gt; by W. Somerset Maugham where the protagonist has a clubfoot. Following his jounery where he fumbles (used intentionally) both professionally and personally, we see Philip Carey dabbling in several professions, medicine being one of them, but never really fully engaging in any. This is shown to be not due to the physical ramifications of his disability or lack of access but due to the psychological effects of being disabled and growing up in an unloved home. As a result, even though Carey's disability is used as a prosthesis to give some body and structure to the narrative, it is never fully engaged in, losing an opportunity for a disabled doctor representation to shine through.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>W. Somerset Maugham</text>
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                <text>Mahvish Nazar </text>
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                  <text>Attitudinal Barriers Around Doctors with Disabilities </text>
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                  <text>When medical students and doctors with disabilities do make it to workplaces after jumping through various hoops and democratic processes, they find themsleves facing attitudinal barriers from their colleagues and other personel which makes it difficult for them to achieve maximum integration into their environment and impede theire success in the workplace and beyond. The artifacts included in this collection illuminate these barriers succintly.</text>
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                  <text>Mahvish Nazar </text>
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                <text>&lt;div class="primary-cli cli cli-text "&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The lack of disability awareness in schools coupled with unrealistic expectations to be “superhuman” in clinical settings create a rat race that doctors say is untenable — for everyone. For those who finish medical school and postgraduate training, the belief is that if they managed to do it, everyone else should be expected to as well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;During Cejas’s neurology training program, a now disabled physician, there were several months when she was required to work a 14-hour shift for six consecutive nights. This can be seen in the picture attached below.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div class="primary-cli cli cli-text "&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“It’s impossible to live up to that standard, whether you are disabled or not,” she said. “I’m thinking about how one of my friends in residency who got a kidney stone because she was holding her urine for too long. That’s something that happens all the time.” &lt;/strong&gt;(Lu, 2021)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>Wendy Lu </text>
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                <text>Lu, W. (2021, July 22). Disabled Doctors Were Called Too ‘Weak’ To Be In Medicine. It’s Hurting The Entire System. From Huffpost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/disabled-doctors-medicine-ableism_n_60f86967e4b0ca689fa560dc </text>
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                <text>Mahvish Nazar </text>
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                  <text>Attitudinal Barriers Around Doctors with Disabilities </text>
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                  <text>When medical students and doctors with disabilities do make it to workplaces after jumping through various hoops and democratic processes, they find themsleves facing attitudinal barriers from their colleagues and other personel which makes it difficult for them to achieve maximum integration into their environment and impede theire success in the workplace and beyond. The artifacts included in this collection illuminate these barriers succintly.</text>
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                  <text>Mahvish Nazar </text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Systems of oppression are pervasive, interlocking and inform one another in all fields of life. Similarly, doctors who have more than one marginalized identity also faced greater barriers and discrimination. For example, Diana Cejas, who is a Black and Latina disabled physician has said in an interview:&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“For a lot of physicians of color, and trainees and medical students, the bar is so high. We have to be perfect. People already expect that you don’t know what you know, they expect you only got in for affirmative action. So you’re having to prove you can do the work, you’re intelligent, you know what you’re saying and doing.” &lt;/strong&gt;(Lu, 2021)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;This shows that even though there are systems in place to support and forward the rights of people who are marginalized such as affirmative action, intersecting marginalized identities can make it extremely difficult to access these systems holistically. Another example of such an instance can be seen in the tweets of Black disabled doctor Justin Bollock who is an Internal Medicine Resident and lives with bi-polar disorder. Talking about the Physician Well Being Committee/Fitness for Duty Process(FFD)which is supposed to be in place to support doctors, they had to say the following about it:&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Lu, W. (2021, July 22). Disabled Doctors Were Called Too ‘Weak’ To Be In Medicine. It’s Hurting The Entire System. From Huffpost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/disabled-doctors-medicine-ableism_n_60f86967e4b0ca689fa560dc &#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Mahvish Nazar </text>
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                <text>&lt;blockquote class="twitter-tweet"&gt;&#13;
&lt;p lang="en" dir="ltr"&gt;Update re: Physician Well Being Committee/Fitness for Duty Process(FFD)! Some powers that be thought they were sending me to get support; institution now seems to acknowledge that that was NOT the case and is trying to improve that for others...A THREAD/1&lt;a href="https://t.co/uhj5lLdan4"&gt;https://t.co/uhj5lLdan4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
— Justin Bullock (@jbullockruns) &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/jbullockruns/status/1312196080960897024?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"&gt;October 3, 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#13;
&lt;script async="" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p lang="en" dir="ltr"&gt;There have been lawyers involved (from the institution but not me). FFD is inherently a very legal process: one can lose their ability to practice medicine. An excessively intrusive evaluation ended where it began: I have active bipolar disorder. I am not a risk when I work. /2&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
— Justin Bullock (@jbullockruns) &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/jbullockruns/status/1312197206112231424?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"&gt;October 3, 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#13;
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&lt;p lang="en" dir="ltr"&gt;Despite this, I must have regular check ins with a faculty 'mentor', a case manager (whom I call my parole officer), I continue to meet with my own psychiatrist &amp;amp; therapist (as I was before all this). My institution was fixated on me doing a very specific type of therapy: DBT. /3&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
— Justin Bullock (@jbullockruns) &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/jbullockruns/status/1312197908897296384?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"&gt;October 3, 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#13;
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&lt;blockquote class="twitter-tweet"&gt;&#13;
&lt;p lang="en" dir="ltr"&gt;I asked what would happen if I did not sign the contract of agreement. I was told by a co-chair of the committee I could not work. The institution has confirmed that statement was NOT true. Once I am determined to be safe &amp;amp; patients are safe, I could've worked sans contract. /4&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
— Justin Bullock (@jbullockruns) &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/jbullockruns/status/1312199085294673920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"&gt;October 3, 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#13;
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                  <text>When medical students and doctors with disabilities do make it to workplaces after jumping through various hoops and democratic processes, they find themsleves facing attitudinal barriers from their colleagues and other personel which makes it difficult for them to achieve maximum integration into their environment and impede theire success in the workplace and beyond. The artifacts included in this collection illuminate these barriers succintly.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;One of the reasons why disabled medical students and doctors have failed to gain complete access to their environments is attitudinal barriers. These attitudinal barriers either fall under the presumption that doctors cannot be disabled or that if they are asking for accommodations, they are taking advantage of services they do not actually need. This can be seen in the following interviews conducted with disabled doctors:&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I think attitudinal for me is always the hardest [barrier] to overcome, because it’s the one that you have the least control over, if that makes sense. You can’t really control other people’s unconscious bias.... It’s not just the people running the school. It’s patients. It’s nurses. I had a lot of that. I had a nurse in the emergency room be like, “Why are you playing in that wheelchair?” I was like, “What are you talking about?” She was like, “Whose wheelchair did you take?” and I was like, “It’s mine.” She was like, “But you’re a doctor,” and I was like, “Yes. Yes, and you’re a nurse.” To have a nurse still have that attitude is very frustrating. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;— Student discussing unconscious bias among colleagues in the clinic &lt;/strong&gt;(Meeks &amp;amp; Jain, 2018)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Talking about disabled physician Diana Cejas, Wendy Lu of Huffpost says:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When she asked for dictation software to help her with note-taking, which she often spent hours into the night catching up on, an administrator brushed her off and told her she just needed to work harder. She learned that some of her colleagues — even those who knew what she’d just gone through — were gossiping behind her back and assumed that she just wanted special treatment, even when she had to leave work to get follow-up scans and bloodwork. &lt;/strong&gt;(Lu, 2021)&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Lu, W. (2021, July 22). Disabled Doctors Were Called Too ‘Weak’ To Be In Medicine. It’s Hurting The Entire System. From Huffpost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/disabled-doctors-medicine-ableism_n_60f86967e4b0ca689fa560dc &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meeks, L., &amp;amp; Jain, N. (2018). Accessibility, Inclusion and Action in Medical Education: Lived Experiences of Learners and Physicians With Disabilities . Association of American Medical Colleges.</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores early pioneers as well as current architects and advocates of Universal Design in relation to architecture and the built environment.</text>
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              <text>Ronald "Ron" Lawrence Mace was a design pioneer, the visionary of Universal Design, and the founder and program director of The Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Born in New Jersey, NJ, he grew up in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. In 1950, at the age of nine, he contracted polio, and used a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He studied architecture at the North Carolina State University's School of Design, where he encountered inaccessible facilities that limited his use and mobility around campus. He graduated with a BA in 1966.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After four years of practicing conventional architecture, he became involved in the effort to produce the first building code for accessibility in the nation. This code became mandatory in North Carolina in 1973 and served as a model for other states.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1985, he pioneered the concept of "Universal Design." In 1989, he &lt;span&gt;established the federally-funded Center for Accessible Housing, currently known as The Center for Universal Design, at the School of Design at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. He was also a Research Professor in the Architecture Department in the School of Design at the North Carolina State University.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ron's pioneering work in accessible design was instrumental in the passage of national legislation prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities,&lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt; the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt;The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mace was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and received the Distinguished Service Award of the President of the United States in 1992 for distinguished service in promoting dignity, equality, independence and employment of people with disabilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Profile and biography of Ronald "Ron" Lawrence Mace, FAIA.</text>
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