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                  <text>Organizations Created to Advocate for Doctors with Disabilities </text>
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                  <text>When we focus on organizations created to advocate for rights of disabled doctors, a number of them have been created to advocate for doctors with disabilities and equal access to medical studies instruction and clinical practice. Unfortunately, while some of these organizations are made by and for disabled doctors and function on the principle of rights based advocacy and holistic change, there are alot others which are still operating on providing services on an as needed basis which comes to show that there is still a long way to go in making sure that doctors with disabilities are given equal opportunities and access at all times.</text>
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                <text>With the four focus areas of Research, Working Groups, Book Club and Consulting, Docs with Disabilities is a group which uses research, education, and sharing of stories to drive change in policy and procedure leading to more inclusive educational environments for students with disabilities. </text>
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                <text>https://www.docswithdisabilities.org/</text>
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                  <text>Assistive Technology and Medical Practice in the News</text>
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                  <text>This collection includes images and video clips from news media depictions of assistive technology in medical practice. Items were selected to highlight the arbitrary distinction between assistive technology and medical devices and demonstrate how media depictions of technology in this context reinforce stigmatizing and exclusionary attitudes, values, and beliefs embedded in the medical establishment and American culture at large.</text>
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                <text>Electrocuted by 11,000 Volts, Now an Amputee...and an MD by Alicia Gallegos (&lt;em&gt;WebMD News&lt;/em&gt;, 2022)</text>
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                <text>Gallegos, A. (2022, January 14). Electrocuted by 11,000 volts, now an amputee…and an MD. WebMD Health News. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20220118/electrocuted-amputee-doctor</text>
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                <text>This 2022 &lt;em&gt;WebMD Health News&lt;/em&gt; article on Dr. BJ Miller, who is a triple amputee, highlights how the news media reinforces a medical model of disability founded on the assumption that the problem of disability exists wtihin the person. The story and accompanying images highlight Miller's prostetics in a manner that defines him according to his personal differences. Unacknowledged by the article is the assistive role of universal telemedicine technology in enabling his online palliative care practice. This representation affirms a belief that physical “normality” is a prerequisite for meaningful social contribution.</text>
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                  <text>Disability Policies Among Medical Education Programs and Organizations</text>
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                <text>Equal Access for Students with Disabilities: The Guide for Health Science and Professional Education</text>
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                <text>Image description: The front cover of a book titled "Equal Access for Students with Disabilities: The Guide for Health Science and Professional Education." Text towards the bottom of the cover list the editors: Lisa M. Meeks, Neera R. Jain, and Elisa Laird.</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Equal Access for Students with Disabilities book cover&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. 2020. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.springerpub.com/equal-access-for-students-with-disabilities-9780826182227.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;https://www.springerpub.com/equal-access-for-students-with-disabilities-9780826182227.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;. Accessed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;" data-rich-links="{&amp;quot;dat_df&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;fres_frt&amp;quot;:1,&amp;quot;dfie_ts&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;tv&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;tv_s&amp;quot;:1651147200,&amp;quot;tv_n&amp;quot;:0}},&amp;quot;dfie_l&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;dfie_p&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;fres_frt&amp;quot;:0,&amp;quot;tres_tv&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;MMM d, y&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;dfie_dt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Apr 28, 2022&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;dfie_pt&amp;quot;:3},&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;}"&gt;Apr 28, 2022&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Television, being present in almost every home across the globe has immense potential to impact the way ideas are shared in the public imagination and how due to positive or negative representations, it can shape how the layman thinks about individuals having certain identities and the same goes for disabled doctors. Representations of doctors with disabilities on the small screen have been sparse and unidimensional and even though progress has been made, there is still a long way to do.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>Firstness comes full circle - Dr Laura Riley on Grey’s Anatomy</text>
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                <text>February 2020 saw for the first time the appearance of a deaf doctor on national TV in the form of Dr. Laura Riley on the long-time running drama Grey’s Anatomy. Compared to Dr. Kerry Weaver several years ago, this representation is an authentic take on deaf doctors in the field of medicine as it shows Dr Riley a good diagnostician not despite their deafness but rather because of it. Moreover, the show does not use the character’s deafness as a trope but another layer of their multifaceted personality. Last but not least, the show brings to the fore the variety of communication techniques used by deaf people in professional settings - from signing, lip reading and English to using a sign language interpreter via an iPad, a holistic and nuanced representation of the ways deaf people communicate is shown. Through this, we see more and better representation of doctors with disabilities making their way to the small screen. </text>
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                <text>&lt;iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mj1yfqj9ARI" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                  <text>This collection includes images and video clips from news media depictions of assistive technology in medical practice. Items were selected to highlight the arbitrary distinction between assistive technology and medical devices and demonstrate how media depictions of technology in this context reinforce stigmatizing and exclusionary attitudes, values, and beliefs embedded in the medical establishment and American culture at large.</text>
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                <text>Health matters: Special stethoscope for hard of hearing nurse by Susanne Brunner (&lt;em&gt;KARK News Little Rock&lt;/em&gt;, 2018)</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Brunner, S. (2018, June 6). Health matters: Special stethoscope for hard of hearing nurse. &lt;em&gt;KARK News Little Rock&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href="https://www.kark.com/amazing/health-matters-special-stethoscope-for-hard-of-hearing-nurse/1223035468/"&gt;https://www.kark.com/amazing/health-matters-special-stethoscope-for-hard-of-hearing-nurse/1223035468/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This news report from Little Rock, Arkansas, NBC affiliate &lt;em&gt;KARK&lt;/em&gt; which aired in 2018, demonstrates how digital stethoscope technology enables nurse Clarissa Hardman, who is hard of hearing, to efficiently and accurately complete patient physical examinations through sound amplification played through audio headphones. In this context, the stethoscope fits a definition of assistive technology, wherein the intended purpose is to support functional independence at an individual level. Considered as such, Hardman describes having to apply for an outside grant to purchase the device for herself, rather than being provided with the necessary equipment from her employer.</text>
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                  <text>Theory and History of Universal Design</text>
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                  <text>This collection includes various aspects of Universal Design theory as well as a brief historicization of Universal Design. It also addresses practices of Universal Design in healthcare environments (as established currently).</text>
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                <text>History of Universal Design</text>
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                <text>&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span class="exhibit-page"&gt;History of Universal Design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;"'Universal Design' means the design of products, environments, programs, and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. '&lt;span&gt;Universal design' shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed.&lt;/span&gt;" –Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), United Nations, 2006&lt;a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-2-definitions.html"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;1950s–1960s&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s inspired the subsequent Disability Rights Movement that greatly influenced the legislation of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s which, in turn, influenced the creation of "Universal Design." The concept of "Universal Design" emerged from the “barrier-free” movement, which started in the USA in the 1950s as a response to World War II veterans and activists with disabilities demanding an accessible environment in the fields of education, employment, healthcare, and services. Physical barriers in the environment were seen as a significant hindrance to people with mobility impairments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Accessible design has become a prerequisite for the recognition of the civil rights of persons with disabilities and an issue of non-discrimination of this population group.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The “barrier-free” movement began a process of change in public policies and design practices. Notable were the efforts of the Veterans Administration, The President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, and the National Easter Seals Society, among others, resulted in the development of national standards for “barrier-free” buildings. In 1961, the American Standards Association (later known as The American National Standards Institute, or ANSI), published the first accessibility standard titled, "A 117.1 – Making Buildings Accessible to and Usable by the Physically Handicapped." These standards were not enforcable, however, until adopted by state or local legislative authorities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-file-text"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the 1960s, organizations of persons with disabilities began to develop a new concept of disability which showcased how many problems emerge not because people have disabilities, but because of interactions between people and society (“the social model of disability”). In 1963, British disabled architect and urban planner Selwyn Goldsmith wrote his pioneering work, &lt;em&gt;Designing for the Disabled&lt;/em&gt;; Goldsmith is the earliest progenitor of free access for people with disabilities in the environment. He designed the creation of the dropped curb, now a standard feature of the built environment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Significant federal legislation was passed in the late 1960s. The Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 mandated the removal of what was perceived to be the most significant obstacle to employment for people with disabilities: the physical design of buildings and facilities they had to use on the job. The Act required all buildings designed, constructed, altered, or leased with federal funds had to be made accessible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;The 1970s&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-file-text"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The 1970s continued this trend of significant legislation. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the first civil rights law for people with disabilities. The Act made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of disability and applied to federal agencies, public universities, federal contractors, and any institution or activity receiving federal funds. Initially stalled by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), many disability advocates held numerous demonstrations, notably the 504 sit-in, which began on April 5, 1977 at various HEW offices in different regions such as Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, New York City, Philadelphia and Seattle. The most successful sit-in, planned by activists Judith Heumann, Kitty Cone, and Mary Jane Owen, took place in San Francisco, lasted 25 days, and to date, is the longest sit-in at a federal building. Over 120 activists participated. Regulations were signed on April 28, 1977.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Early on, advocates of barrier-free design and architectural accessibility recognized the legal, economic, and social power of a concept that addressed the common needs of people with and without disabilities. As architects began to wrestle with the implementation of standards, it became apparent that segregated accessible features were "special," more expensive, and usually ugly. It also became apparent that many of the environmental changes needed to accommodate people with disabilities actually benefited everyone. Recognition that many such features could be commonly provided and thus less expensive, unlabeled, attractive, and even marketable, laid the foundation for the universal design movement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;The 1980s&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-file-text"&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;&lt;b&gt;"Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="style2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;–&lt;/b&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ron Mace&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1985, disabled American architect Ronald "Ron" Mace coined the term “Universal Design” to describe the idea that many people, whether disabled or non-disabled, benefit from a more accessible built environment. Mace concluded that architects and product designers should make all environments accessible, rather than requiring disabled people to request “retrofits” (or alterations) after a building has already been constructed.  Although these ideas had circulated for decades, Mace’s term propelled the concept into the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) era. (Hamraie, 2017). &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;In 1989, Mace established the federally-funded Center for Accessible Housing, currently known as The Center for Universal Design, at the School of Design at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.&lt;/span&gt; Together, with a group of architects, designers, and engineers, he developed the&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;7 Principles of Universal Design&lt;/em&gt;, which are now used in various fields including architecture, education, healthcare, transport, information and communication technology.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;The 1990s&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mace's pioneering work in accessible design was pivotal in the passing of national legislation prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities, the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 and The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Fair Housing Amends of 1988 expanded the coverage of Civil Rights Act of 1968 to include families with children and people with disabilities. The Act also required that accessible units be created in all new multi-family housing with four or more units, both public and private, not just those who had received funds. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;created widespread public awareness of civil rights of people with disabilities. Discrimination in employment, access to places of public accomodation, services, programs, public transportation, and telecommunications is prohibited by this law. Physical barriers impeding access must be removed wheever they visit. It is a uniform nationwide mandate that ensures accessibilty regardless of local attitudes. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1991, the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Access Board) issued Accessibility Guidelines for accessible design. These guidelines were adopted with modifications by the U.S. Department of Justice and became the enforcable ADA Standards for Accessible Design.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1997, the Center brought together a team of advocates of Universal Design who compiled and developed &lt;em&gt;The Principles of Universal Design&lt;/em&gt;, which has been translated into French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Hindi, Arabic, Indonesian, Hebrew, and Chinese. In 1999, the Center received a grant from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), U.S. Department of Education, to operate a Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center to advance Universal Design and continue improving on the accessibility and feasibility of the built environment. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-text"&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;2000s–Present&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="exhibit-block layout-file-text"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Today, disabled architects like John "Jack" H. Catlin continue to advocate and include Universal Design into their urban and architectural practices. Access Living, for example, a center of service, advocacy, and social change for people with all kinds of disabilities, led and run by individuals with disabilities, opened in 2007. Its building is one of the first examples of being completely created with Universal Design in mind. It is also entirely environmentally friendly. Its construction and planning was overseen by Catlin and LCM Architects, the firm where he is Partner.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Discussions and implementations of Universal Design continue today, though they are yet to be widespread. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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                  <text>When medical students and doctors with disabilities do make it to workplaces after jumping through various hoops and democratic processes, they find themsleves facing attitudinal barriers from their colleagues and other personel which makes it difficult for them to achieve maximum integration into their environment and impede theire success in the workplace and beyond. The artifacts included in this collection illuminate these barriers succintly.</text>
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                  <text>Mahvish Nazar </text>
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The lack of disability awareness in schools coupled with unrealistic expectations to be “superhuman” in clinical settings create a rat race that doctors say is untenable — for everyone. For those who finish medical school and postgraduate training, the belief is that if they managed to do it, everyone else should be expected to as well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;During Cejas’s neurology training program, a now disabled physician, there were several months when she was required to work a 14-hour shift for six consecutive nights. This can be seen in the picture attached below.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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&lt;div class="primary-cli cli cli-text "&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“It’s impossible to live up to that standard, whether you are disabled or not,” she said. “I’m thinking about how one of my friends in residency who got a kidney stone because she was holding her urine for too long. That’s something that happens all the time.” &lt;/strong&gt;(Lu, 2021)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>Wendy Lu </text>
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                <text>Lu, W. (2021, July 22). Disabled Doctors Were Called Too ‘Weak’ To Be In Medicine. It’s Hurting The Entire System. From Huffpost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/disabled-doctors-medicine-ableism_n_60f86967e4b0ca689fa560dc </text>
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                <text>Mahvish Nazar </text>
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                <text>Along with other advocacy materials such as books and podcasts, a few informative videos especially after the pandemic have been created to advocate for greater inclusion and more varied accessible and assessment options for medical students with disabilities. We see that one video advocates for accessible instruction while the other advocates for captioning while keeping the experiences of disabled doctors at the center.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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